浮动抵押逸出担保物权体系的理论证成

具有担保功能的权利,并非都是担保物权。如果一项权利既不符合担保物权的特征,亦有违物权法的基本原则,就不属于担保物权。对比浮动抵押与担保物权的特征可以发现,浮动抵押有担保功能但并非担保物权。在民法典编纂背景下,宜将浮动抵押从担保物权体系剔除。考察比较法资料,结合“charge”的词源语义,遵循语言翻译的忠实严谨原则,宜将“floating charge”译为“浮动担保”而非“浮动抵押”。至于浮动担保何去何从,相对合理的方案是将其嵌入合同法域,规定于我国民法典合同编之“合同的担保”章节,以此彰显民法典的体系性与逻辑性。     

Combatting corruption in Kazakhstan: A role for ethics commissioners?

Central Asian countries have, since gaining independence in 1991, suffered from endemic corruption as a legacy of their Soviet roots. There are multiple ways of tackling corruption ranging from preventative to control measures. One tool in this battery of measures is the use of codes of ethics enforced through ethics commissioners. Kazakhstan is attempting to take a lead role in driving public sector reforms in the Central Asian region but has achieved limited success in addressing the seemingly intractable problem of corruption. This paper offers a formative assessment of the impact of ethics commissioners on the problem. We find limited political commitment for the initiative, institutional weaknesses, and the absence of a problem solving approach by the Kazakhstani government.     

民法典编纂对财产犯罪法益保护的影响

在民法之外，重新构建一个仅适用于刑法中财产犯罪法益保护的判断标准，既无必要也不现实。财产犯罪法益保护扩张的主要目的是为了入罪，不论是“利益的法益化”还是“管理的占有化”，都是以保护法益之名行扩张犯罪圈之实。犯罪圈的不当扩张，不仅会有损整体法秩序，还会弱化乃至消解法益甄别法与不法的机能。部门法之间的紧张关系在任何法律体系下都是无可避免的，民法典编纂为解决“刑民倒挂”问题以及增加法秩序统一性原理在刑民之间的衔接度提供了重要契机。为此，应重新梳理刑民之间围绕财产、占有、管理等方面的争议问题，将民法所确定的财产法益内容作为财产犯罪法益保护的基本依据，并允许刑法根据财产犯罪的特点对法益保护范围作出适当调整。这样做的目的不是通过民法给刑法套上枷锁，而是在遵循法秩序统一性原理的基础上达成应有的刑民共识。     

Printed artificial sweat as replacement for natural fingermarks: Qualitative and quantitative approach considering an amino acid reagent

The study presented in this paper aims at assessing how printed fingermarks can be used to generate realistic latent marks bearing varying quantities of materials to be detected. Considering dilution series of artificial sweat (eccrine secretion) and 1,2-indanedione/zinc as amino acid reagent, we assessed how printed marks behave in comparison to natural fingermarks provided by a set of 30 donors. The results were assessed in terms of relative intensity (contrast, luminescence) and expert grading (ridge details, overall quality). With regards to the set of 30 donors, this study brought a quantitative look to the influence of intra- and inter-variability on the relative intensity values observed when processing natural fingermarks. This provided new data to further understand the concept of “donorship”. With regards to the use of printed marks, it has been illustrated how dilution series of a concentrated solution allows covering a range of cases: unnatural marks (intensity values well above those obtained with donors), rich marks (corresponding to fingermarks left by good donors), and faint marks (associated with the kind of results observed with poor donors). Such a range of detection performance offers the possibility to generate fine-tuned detection exercises of varying difficulty levels. Printed items made of artificial sweat could hence constitute a valuable alternative to natural secretions in the context of education and proficiency testing.     

美国怀俄明州刑法述评--以比较法为视角

美国的法律在试图向法典化迈进的征途中被深深地打上了其固有的英美法系传统的烙印,怀俄明州刑法一方面向法典化迈出一大步,另一方面也深深地烙上了美国实用主义文化的烙印.本文概述了该州刑法的主要内容,从比较法的角度上指出迈向法典化中的问题;同时指出法律规范是民族文化的积淀,两大法系的立法模式及其运作孰优孰劣,有待于法律运行的实效去检验,移植一项法律制度更为重要的是培育该制度赖以生根发芽的文化土壤.     

Brexit,Cabinet Norms and the Ministerial Code: Are we Living in a post-Nolan Era?

The Nolan Report will celebrate its twenty-fifth anniversary in 2020, and for most of this last quarter-century, it has provided the underlying ethical basis for public life in the United Kingdom. However, its principles are now being called into question in a number of areas, following the Conservative government’s loss of its parliamentary majority in the 2017 election, with the interests of party taking precedence over adherence to both the spirit and the codified practical implementation of some of the ultimate outcomes of Nolan, namely the Ministerial Code and the Commissioner for Parliamentary Standards. This article argues, with explicit evidence and examples, that ministerial conduct which would not have been tolerated before 2017 is now being routinely ignored in the interest of maintaining party unity in order to deliver some form of Brexit. The article concludes by asking whether Nolan norms still command consensus post-Brexit.     

Prospect theory,operational code analysis,and risk-taking behaviour: a new model of China’s crisis behaviour

Integrating prospect theory and operational code analysis, this paper introduces an innovative approach to studying the decision making of Chinese leaders during crises. The unique contribution of this paper is to adopt the methodology of operational code analysis to measure the domain of actions of policy makers in the application of prospect theory. We suggest that leaders’ operational code beliefs can help us to identify in which domain of actions (gains or losses) leaders are located during crises. Xi Jinping experienced two notable foreign policy crises in 2014, the ‘oil rig’ crisis with Vietnam and the ‘P-8 crisis’ with the United States, which are examined in detail to illustrate Xi’s operational code beliefs and risk-taking behaviour of ‘confident accommodation’ behaviour during crises. To test the process validity of integrating operational code analysis and prospect theory, Hu Jintao’s operational code beliefs and crisis behaviour in 2011–2012 are then compared to Xi’s beliefs and decisions in this study of China’s crisis behaviour.     

浅析CSS代码的优化技巧

随着CSS的广泛应用，网站设计者对CSS的依赖度越来越大，致使CSS代码的体积不断膨胀，产生了许多冗余的样式表文件，给网站后期的代码维护与更新造成许多麻烦。对此，网站设计者可以利用CSS的继承性、重用性、层叠性等特性，对代码进行优化，最终加以解决。     

中国古代的律文解释与近代的刑法法条解释之比较——以《唐律疏议》与《中华民国新刑法判解汇编》为例

以《唐律疏议》与《中华民国新刑法判解汇编》为例,对中国古代的律文解释与近代刑法法条解释的比较以后可以发现,它们有相似之处,具体表现为:刑法原则、罪名和刑罚等的解释十分相似。同时,在解释主体、解释结构和解释效力等方面存在相异之处。这些相似、相异之处还有自己形成的原因。形成相似之处的原因主要有两个,即相似的解释宗旨、解释技术。形成相异之处的原因也主要有两个,即相异的历史时期、相异的法制。经过这一比较还可以得出这样的结论:它们的这种解释都源于中国古代的经学。从中亦可见,中国古代经学影响之深远。